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Researchers in US developing new technology for fast charging batteries
27 March 2020
Researchers led by the US Department of Energy's (DOE)
Brookhaven National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, are developing a new technology for fast charging
lithium-ion batteries, Brookhaven National Laboratory announced in
a press release earlier in March. The team of researchers have
captured in real-time how lithium ions move in lithium titanate
(LTO), a fast-charging battery electrode material made of lithium,
titanium, and oxygen. They discovered that distorted arrangements
of lithium and surrounding atoms in LTO "intermediates" (structures
of LTO with a lithium concentration in between that of its initial
and end states) provide an "express lane" for the transport of
lithium ions. The new insight could help in developing improved
battery materials for the rapid charging of electric vehicles (EV)
and portable consumer electronics.
"Consider that it only takes a few minutes to fill up the gas
tank of a car but a few hours to charge the battery of an electric
vehicle. Figuring out how to make lithium ions move faster in
electrode materials is a big deal, as it may help us build better
batteries with greatly reduced charging time," said
co-corresponding author Feng Wang, a materials scientist in
Brookhaven Lab's Interdisciplinary Sciences Department.
Significance: High charging times is seen as
one of the major bottlenecks hindering the mass adoption of EVs in
most automotive markets around the world. Faster charging
lithium-ion batteries, which could be comparable to conventional
vehicles could lower the uptake barrier for many buyers. According
to the researchers, lithium-ion batteries work by shuffling lithium
ions between a positive and negative electrode (cathode and anode)
through a chemical medium called an electrolyte. Graphite is
commonly employed as the anode in state-of-the-art lithium-ion
batteries, but for fast-charging applications, LTO is an appealing
alternative. LTO can accommodate lithium ions rapidly, without
suffering from lithium plating.
Lithium ions are light, making them elusive to traditional
electron- or x-ray-based probing techniques—especially when the
ions are shuffling rapidly within active materials, such as LTO
nanoparticles in an operating battery electrode. In this study, the
scientists were able to track the migration of lithium ions in LTO
nanoparticles in real time by designing an electrochemical cell to
operate inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Next, the
scientists will explore the limitations of LTO—such as heat
generation and capacity loss associated with cycling at high
rates—for real applications.
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